# Matrices Formulas

Matrix is one of the most important and basic concepts in mathematics and statistics. Also, the matrices concept can be used in higher studies and also in real-life problems. Mastering in Matrix concept gonna be a little tough for all students using the traditional way. That’s why we have come with the simplest way to do matrices problems i.e., using Matrices Formulas. The list of Matrix formulas is presented in the below sections so go ahead & utilize them.

## List of Matrices Formulas | Matrix Formula Sheet

Let’s take a look at the properties of Matrices and its types by using the Formula Sheet provided over here. Check out the formulas listed here on the Matrices concept and memorize them thoroughly to solve the problems easily. Also, you can understand the concept by simplifying the calculations with the help of matrices formulas. So, refer to the Matrix Formulas Tables and Cheatsheets for all types of matrices.

### Order of Matrix

A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.

### Types of Matrices

(i) Row Matrix:
If in a matrix, there is only one row, then it is called a Row Matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Row Matrix if m = 1.

(ii) Column Matrix:
If in a matrix, there is only one column, then it is called a Column Matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Column Matrix if n = 1.

(iii) Square Matrix:
If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a Square Matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Square Matrix if m = n

(iv) Trace of a Matrix:
The sum of diagonal elements of a Square Matrix A is called the Trace of Matrix A which is denoted by tr A = $$\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i j}$$ = a11 + a22 + ……. + ann

(v) Singleton Matrix:
If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called Singleton Matrix.

(vi) Null or Zero Matrix:
If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a Zero Matrix and it is generally denoted by 0. Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Zero Matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j.

(vii) Diagonal Matrix:
If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero, it is called a Diagonal Matrix. Thus a square matrix A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 when i ≠ j.

(viii) Scalar Matrix:
If all the elements of the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called a Scalar Matrix.

(ix) Unit Matrix:
If all elements of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called Unit Matrix. A Unit Matrix of order n is denoted by In.

(x) Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix [aij] is said to be Triangular Matrix if each element above or below the principal diagonal is zero it is of two types-

• Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij] is called the Upper Triangular Matrix, if aij = 0 when i > j.
• Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [an] is called the Lower Triangular Matrix, if aij = 0 when i < j.

(xi) Singular Matrix:
Matrix A is said to be Singular Matrix if its determinant |A| = 0, otherwise non-singular matrix i.e.
If det |A| = 0 ⇒ Singular and det |A| ≠ 0 ⇒ non-singular

### Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices of the same order then their sum A + B is a matrix whose each element is the sum of corresponding element.

### Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix and k be a number then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA thus if A = [aij]m×n then kA = Ak = [kaij]m×n
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
If A, B are Matrices of the same order and λ, μ are any two scalars then-

• λ(A + B) = λA + λB
• (λ + μ) A = λA + μ A
• λ(μA) = (λμA) = μ (λA)
• (- λA) = – (λA) = λ (-A)
• tr (kA) = k tr(A)

### Multiplication of Matrices

If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when number of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n then their product AB = C = [cij]m×n will be matrix of order m x p, where (AB)ij = Cij = $$\sum_{r=1}^{n} \alpha_{i r} b_{r j}$$
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A, B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then

 (i) AB ≠ BA (Generally not commutative) (ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law) (iii) IA = A = AI (I is identity matrix for matrix multiplication) (iv) A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive Law) (v) If AB = AC ⇏ B = C (Cancellation nLaw is not applicable) (vi) If AB = 0 It does not mean that A = 0 or B = 0, again product of two non- zero matrix may be zero matrix. (vii) tr (AB) = tr (BA)

### Positive Integral powers of a Matrix

The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix.
Also then A2 = A.A, A3 = A.A.A = A2A
Also for any positive integers m, n

• AmAn = Am+n
• (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
• In = I,Im = I
• A° = In where A is a square matrices of order n.

### Transpose of Matrix

If order of A is m × n, then the order of AT is n × m.
Properties of Transpose

• (AT)T = A
• (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
• (AB)T = BTAT
• (kA)T = k(A)T
• (A1A2A3 ……. An-1An)T = AnT An-1T …….. A3TA2TA1T
• IT = I
• tr (A) = tr (AT)

### Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called Symmetric Matrix if aij = aji for all i, j or AT = A

### Skew-Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A =[aij] is called skew – symmetric matrix if
aij = – aij for all i, j.
Every square matrix A can uniquely be expressed as sum of a symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix i.e.
A = $$\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\right]+\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\right]$$

If A = [aij] be a square matrix and Fij be the cofactor of aij in [A|, then Adj. A = [Fij]T

• If A be n rowed square matrix then (adj A) A = A(Adj A) = |A|. In
• If A is singular matrix then (adj A) A = A(adj A) = 0
• If A is n rowed square non singular matrix then |adj A| = |A|n-1
• (adj A)’ = |A|n-2 A where A is a non singular matrix.

### Inverse of a Matrix

If A & B are two matrices such that AB = I = BA then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted by A-1, thus A-1 = B <=> AB = I = BA To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use following formula
A-1 = $$\frac{\text { Adj } A}{|\mathrm{A}|}$$, thus A-1 exists ⇔ |A| ≠ 0

### Some special cases of Matrices

(i) Orthogonal Matrix:
A square matrix A is called Orthogonal if AAT = I = AT A

(ii) Idempotent Matrix:
A square matrix A is called an Idempotent Matrix if A2 = A

(iii) Involutory Matrix:
A square matrix A is called an involutory Matrix if A2 = I or A-1 = A

(iv) Nilpotent Matrix:
A square matrix A is called a Nilpotent Matrix if there exist a p ∈ N such that Ap = 0

(v) Hermitian Matrix:
A square matrix is Hermitian Matrix if Aθ = A i.e.aij $$=\bar{a}_{j i}$$ ∀ i, j

(vi) Skew Hermitian Matrix:
A square matrix A is Skew-Hermitian ifA = -Aθ i.e. aij = –$$\bar{a}_{j i}$$ ∀ i, j

(vii) Period of a Matrix:
If for any matrix A
Ak+1 = A then k is called Period of Matrix (where k is a least positive integer)

(viii) Differentiation of a Matrix
If A = $$A=\left[\begin{array}{ll}f(x) & g(x) \\h(x) & \ell(x)\end{array}\right]$$ then $$\frac{\mathrm{d} \mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{dx}}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{f}^{\prime}(\mathrm{x}) & \mathrm{g}^{\prime}(\mathrm{x}) \\\mathrm{h}^{\prime}(\mathrm{x}) & \ell^{\prime}(\mathrm{x})\end{array}\right]$$ is a differentiation of Matrix A

(ix) Rank of a Matrix:
A number r is said to be the rank of a m × n matrix A if

• Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular and
• There exists at least one square sub matrix of order r which is non- singular.

Thus, the rank of matrix is the order of the highest order nonsingular sub matrix.
eg. The Rank of Matrix A = $$\left[\begin{array}{lll}1 & 2 & 3 \\4 & 5 & 6 \\3 & 4 & 5\end{array}\right]$$
We have |A| = 0, therefore r(A) is less than 3, we observe that $$\left[\begin{array}{ll}5 & 6 \\4 & 5\end{array}\right]$$ is a non-singular square sub matrix of order 2. Hence, r(A) = 2.

(x) Rank of zero matrix is zero also rank of non singular matrix of order “n” is “n”.

### Type of Equations

(a) If |A| ≠ 0 system of equation is always consistent and in case of homogeneous equation, system has only “trivial solution and in case of non homogeneous equation, unique solution can be given by using x = A-1B

(b) If |A| = 0, In case of homogeneous equation system has nontrivial (infinite many) solutions and in case of non homogeneous system of equation. If (adj A) B ≠ 0 then system is consistent otherwise i.e. (adj A) B = 0 system of equation is consistent and has infinite no. of solutions.
Note:
If No. of equation < No. of unknowns, then it has non trivial solutions.