## Introduction:

Differentiation and integration are the two important concepts of calculus. Calculus is a branch of Mathematics which deals with the study of problems involving continuous change in the values of quantities. Differentiation refers to simplifying a complex function into simpler functions. Integration generally refers to summing up the smaller function to form a bigger unit. Integration and differentiation are entirely contradictory to each other and hence they are inverse mathematical operations. There are two types of integrals. They are definite integrals and indefinite integrals.

### Indefinite and Definite Integrals:

Indefinite integrals are those integrals which do not have any limit of integration. It has an arbitrary constant. Definite integrals are those integrals which have an upper and lower limit. Definite integral has two different values for upper limit and lower limit when they are evaluated. The final value of a definite integral is the value of integral to the upper limit minus value of the definite integral for the lower limit.

$\int_a^b {f\left( x \right).dx} = F\left( b \right) – F\left( a \right)$

In the above equation,

F (b) and F (a) are the integral function for the upper and lower limit respectively.

f (x) is the integrand

dx is the integrating agent

‘b’ is the upper limit of the definite integral

‘a’ is the lower limit of the definite integral

### Properties of Definite Integrals:

Property 1:

Definite integrals between the same limits of the same function with different variables are equal.

$\int_a^b {f\left( p \right),dp} = \int_b^a {f\left( q \right)dp}$

Property 2:

The value of definite integral is equal to its negative when the upper and lower limits of the integral function are interchanged.

$\int_a^b {f\left( p \right),dp} = – \int_b^a {f\left( p \right)dp}$

Property 3:

Definite integral of a function is zero when the upper and lower limits are the same.

$\int_a^a {f\left( p \right).dp = 0}$

Property 4:

A definite integral can be written as the sum of two definite integrals. However, the following conditions must be considered.

• Lower limit of the first addend should be equal to the lower limit of the original definite integral.

• Upper limit of the second addend should be equal to the upper limit of the original definite integral.

• Upper limit of the first addend should be equal to the lower limit of the second addend integral.

$\int_a^b {f\left( b \right).dp = \int_a^c {f\left( p \right).dp + \int_c^b {f\left( p \right).dp} } }$

Other Properties of Definite Integrals:

Property 5: $\int_a^b {f\left( p \right).dp = \int_a^b {f\left( {a + b – p} \right).dp} }$

Property 6: $\int_0^a {f\left( p \right).dp = \int_a^b {f\left( {a – p} \right).dp} }$

Property 7: $\int_0^{2a} {f\left( p \right).dp} = \int_0^a {f\left( p \right).dp + \int_0^a {f\left( {2a – p} \right).dp{\text{ }}if{\text{ }}f\left( {2a – p} \right) = f\left( p \right)} }$

### Important Integration Formula:

A few important integrals of various Mathematical functions (integrands) defined in terms of a variable ‘x’ are listed below.

### Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum:

Let us consider a continuous function ‘f’ defined by the variable ‘x’ in a closed duration of [m, n]. If f (x) is greater than zero, then f (x) can be graphically represented as: (graphical representation will be updated soon)

The area enclosed by the curve y = f (x) within x = a and x = b gives the definite integration as limit of sum. The total area enclosed by the curve is represented in the graph as ABCD. The entire region of ABCD is divided into equal intervals of ‘n’ divisions. The limiting values of smaller rectangles so obtained gives the area of these rectangles. So, definite integral as limit of sum can be written as

It is evident that the area enclosed by a curve is also the limiting value of the area lying between the rectangles below or above the curve.

In the above equation, when $n{\text{ }} \to {\text{ }}\infty ,{\text{ }}\left( {b{\text{ }} – {\text{ }}a} \right){\text{ }}/{\text{ }}n{\text{ }} \to {\text{ }}0$. This fact is named asthe definite integral as limit of sum.

### Applications of Definite Integrals:

Definite integrals are used in various Mathematical computations including

• Determination of area between two linear, quadratic or cubic curves

• Find the volumes

• Estimating the length of a plane curve

• Finding the surface area of revolution

Apart from these computations, definite integrals also find its applications in various other fields such as Physics, Engineering and Statistics.

### Definite Integral Example Problems:

1. Evaluate $_1{\smallint ^6}\left( {5{z^2} – {\text{ }}7z{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}2} \right){\text{ }}dx\;$

Solution:

The integration of $5{z^2} – 7z + 2 = \frac{{5{z^3}}}{3} – \frac{{7{z^2}}}{2} + 2z$

Applying upper limit to the above integral value i.e. $z = 6\frac{{5{{\left( 6 \right)}^3}}}{3} – \frac{{7{{\left( 6 \right)}^2}}}{2} + 2\left( 6 \right)$

= 360 – 126 + 12

= 246

Applying the value of lower limit i.e. z = 1, $\frac{{5{{\left( 1 \right)}^3}}}{3} – \frac{{7{{\left( 1 \right)}^2}}}{2} + 2\left( 1 \right)$

= 1.67 – 3.5 + 2

= 7.17

Therefore, $_1{\smallint ^6}\left( {5{z^2} – 7z + 2} \right)dx\; = 246 – 7.17 = 238.83$

1. Find the value of  $_0{\smallint ^\pi }\left( {Cos{\text{ }}A{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Sin{\text{ }}A} \right){\text{ }}dA$

Solution:

The definite integral of Cos A + Sin A from 0 to π is calculated as:

∫ (Cos A + Sin A). dA $= \smallint CosA.{\text{ }}dA + \smallint SinA.{\text{ }}dA$

= [Sin A]0π + [- Cos A]0π

= Sin π – Sin 0 – Cos π + Cos 0

= 0 – 0 – (-1) + 1

= 2

### Fun Facts:

• Definite integrals are used to compute the physical quantities which changes over a period of time and are a sum of infinitesimal data like speed, displacement, area etc.

• Definite integrals always give the signed area.