Symbol |
Symbol Name |
Meaning / definition |
Example |
 |
limit |
limit value of a function |
ε |
epsilon |
represents a very small number, near zero |
ε → 0 |
e |
e constant / Euler’s number |
e = 2.718281828… |
e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞ |
y ‘ |
derivative |
derivative – Lagrange’s notation |
(3x3)’ = 9x2 |
y ” |
second derivative |
derivative of derivative |
(3x3)” = 18x |
y(n) |
nth derivative |
n times derivation |
(3x3)(3) = 18 |
   |
derivative |
derivative – Leibniz’s notation |
d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 |
   |
second derivative |
derivative of derivative |
d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x |
   |
nth derivative |
n times derivation |
|
   |
time derivative |
derivative by time – Newton’s notation |
|
   |
time second derivative |
derivative of derivative |
|
Dx y |
derivative |
derivative – Euler’s notation |
|
Dx2y |
second derivative |
derivative of derivative |
|
   |
partial derivative |
∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x |
|
∫ |
integral |
opposite to derivation |
∫ f(x)dx |
∫∫ |
double integral |
integration of function of 2 variables |
∫∫ f(x,y)dxdy |
∫∫∫ |
triple integral |
integration of function of 3 variables |
∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dxdydz |
∮ |
closed contour / line integral |
|
|
∯ |
closed surface integral |
|
|
∰ |
closed volume integral |
|
|
[a,b] |
closed interval |
[a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} |
|
(a,b) |
open interval |
(a,b) = {x | a < x < b} |
|
i |
imaginary unit |
i ≡ √-1 |
z = 3 + 2i |
z* |
complex conjugate |
z = a+bi → z*=a–bi |
z* = 3 – 2i |
z |
complex conjugate |
z = a+bi → z = a–bi |
z = 3 – 2i |
∇ |
nabla / del |
gradient / divergence operator |
∇f (x,y,z) |
   |
vector |
   |
unit vector |
|
|
x * y |
convolution |
y(t) = x(t) * h(t) |
|
    |
Laplace transform |
F(s) =    {f (t)} |
|
    |
Fourier transform |
X(ω) =    {f (t)} |
|
δ |
delta function |
|
|
∞ |
lemniscate |
infinity symbol |
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